History of Social Networking Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Social Networking Websites - Essay Example Clients who join Social systems administration sites are required to make a profile of themselves by topping off a structure. In the wake of playing out this assignment, clients should give out data about their character characteristics and individual appearances. Some long range informal communication sites require photographs however practically every one of them will give insights regarding one's age, inclination, different preferences. Some long range interpersonal communication sites like Facebook permit clients to alter their profiles by including sight and sound substance. (Geroimenko and Chen, 2007) The principal trace of person to person communication sites was seen in the year 1997 through arrangement of an organization called Sixdegrees.com. This organization was the first of its sort; it permitted clients to list their profiles, give a rundown of companions and afterward get in touch with them. Be that as it may, the Company didn't do very well as it in the end shut three years after the fact. The purpose behind this was numerous individuals utilizing the web around then had not framed numerous informal organizations thus there was no place for move. It ought to be noticed that there were likewise different components that alluded to Social system sites before 1997. For example, dating destinations expected clients to give their profiles however they couldn't share others' sites. Furthermore, there were a few sites that would interface previous classmates yet the rundowns couldn't be imparted to other people. (Cassidy, 2006) From there on, there was... They included things like journals and companions' rundowns. Moreover, Ryze.com likewise settled itself in the market. It was made to interface representatives inside San Francisco. The Company was under the administration of Friendster, there were likewise LinkedIn, Tribe.net and Ryze. The last organization was the most ineffective among all others. Tribe.net had some expertise in the business world and Friendster at first progressed admirably; this didn't keep going for long. (Story, 2008) The most noteworthy organizations throughout the entire existence of long range interpersonal communication sites are as per the following Facebook MySpace Friendster The remainder of the paper will look at how these specific organizations were framed. Friendster Friendster started its tasks in the year 2002. It was a sibling organization to Ryze however was intended to manage the social part of their market. The organization resembled a dating administration, in spite of the fact that match making was not done in the common way where outsiders are acquainted with each other. Rather, companions would propose different companions they felt were generally perfect with each other. From the outset, the Company developed exponentially. This was particularly after presentation of a system for gay men and an expansion in the quantity of bloggers. The last would as a rule educate their companions concerning the benefits of informal communication through Friendster and this prompted further extension. Be that as it may, Friendster had set up a market base in one little network. After their supporters arrived at overpowering numbers, the organization could no longer adapt to the interest. There were various objections about the manner in which their se rvers were taken care of in light of the fact that supporters would encounter correspondence breakdowns. As though this was insufficient, informal communities in reality were definitely not

Monopolistic behavior of facbook, is it a monopoly Essay

Monopolistic conduct of facbook, is it a syndication - Essay Example 3). A syndication alludes to a market with just a single dealer of a specific decent or administration. A syndication is described by a solitary vender in the market and, in this manner, no opposition. In association with this, the dealer makes unusual benefits because of market control. Anomalous benefits are acknowledged in light of the fact that there are numerous purchasers in the market, and the dealer is the value creator. Additionally, the vender controls the great or administration costs in that advertise; there is data asymmetry; customers don't have total data; the item doesn't have close substitutes and there are obstructions to passage. (Sexton 332) An oligopoly is a market that is ruled by hardly any dealers. It has two to ten firms in the business contending with one another. Oligopoly generally results from arrangement where a few firms meet up to shape a solitary firm and, thusly, decrease rivalry. Oligopolies contend based on costs, mechanical advancement, amount, notoriety, or publicizing. Oligopolies are described by scarcely any organizations in the business with the end goal that the activities of one firm impact those of another. The items might be homogenous or separated; there is non-value rivalry where firms contend on other footing separated from costs including separated items, steadfastness plans or promotion; oligopolistic firm are enormous to such an extent that their individual activities influence the economic situations; the organizations have flawless data, yet purchasers have defective data. (Sexton 332-333). From the depiction Facebook is certainly not an unadulterated restraining infrastructure since there are different firms in the business as twitter, LinkedIn and MySpace among others. It would be viewed as a main oligopoly since arrangement and securing of different firms has given it a preferred position over other informal community firms. Anyway given the ongoing endeavors model purchasing Oculus Rift and WhatsApp there is worry that this

Is music a good tool for health Essay Example For Students

Is music a decent instrument for wellbeing? Paper In conclusion, she specifies that music can be utilized to control ceaseless pressure and on edge. One Idea that I find critical from the article Is Music a Good Tool for Health, is Hospitals are starting to utilize music treatment to help with torment the executives, wretchedness, to advance development, to quiet patients, to ease muscle strain, and different advantages. As such, music is having a significant move for various medicines in clinics, by helping patients who endures of various sicknesses. One model that bolsters this thought is the point at which I got pneumonia, two years back. I needed to remain in the clinic for like around half a month, however remaining there for that since quite a while ago was at that point killing me. The initial two days were the most noticeably terrible days of my life, I recollect how I didnt even need to eat, and as a result of that my resistance was going further and further down, which was bad at all for my sicknesses. Be that as it may, since I had a studio recording I used to make beats, so I requested that my sibling synchronize my cushion with a portion of the tasks I have done it, and carry it to me. When I got it I downloaded a beats creator application named Fruit Loops Mobile , which I was going to use to work with the activities I had. For instance the rec center focus they play quick track music or something that rouse individuals in the rec center to accomplish more exercise and lose more weight which in the end lead them to live a superior sound ivies in a yoga place likewise its plays quiet music which help individuals to move their bodies tenderly and gradually to facilitate their muscle and lessen their feeling of anxiety. Music treatment have such huge numbers of advantages these day that why that is the reason each medical clinic is currently utilizing it to support their patients. Another advantage is utilizing treatment when patient are in torment tune in to music it encourages them overlook that they in torment particularly when its a music that they like. For instance when I have migraine and tune in to my preferred music it facilitate my muscle and help me roger about my agony in light of the fact that around then I would consider dreaming about something extremely decent. Another advantage utilizing music in our lives is that it help us center. As Elizabeth Scott state quicker beats bring more keen focus and increasingly ready reasoning that bode well since I recall my secondary teacher enlightened me concerning hes learning method he let us know in our group that when he was an understudy he could possibly learn and focus regarding his matter when he tune in to uproarious and quick music he accepted that that quick and Lund music assist him with learning quicker and simpler. Anyway its the contrary ways for certain individuals. A few people learn quicker and simpler when they tune in to slow music since it help me for instance I learn quicker and simpler when I tune in to slow music since it help me to think. Music have such a significant number of advantages that everyone is utilizing to help them through their agony whether its identified with the bodies or the psyche. For me there is no uncertainty that music brings such a significant number of advantages to our body and brain. It causes us with torment the board, melancholy thus numerous others. Is music a decent apparatus for wellbeing By Idiot-Barry

Ottawa Charter Action Areas-Free-Samples for Student-Myassignement

Question: Examine about the Ottawa Charter Action Areas. Answer: Ottawa Charter Action Areas Diabetes is progressively turning into a wellbeing hazard among youngsters in Australia. Ottawa Charter has depicted five activities to help with decreasing the hazard. The principal activity includes building up an individual range of abilities. For instance, an individual may go to mindfulness gatherings that instruct them on the proper eating regimen to take (Maximova, Hanusaik, Kishchuk, Paradis, OLoughlin, 2016). The subsequent activity includes reinforcing a network through wellbeing strolls to different wellbeing habitats to visit the wiped out and furthermore instruct different individuals about the perils. The third activity includes the reorientation of the wellbeing offices through update their frameworks to help recognize this sickness at a prior stage. The fourth activity is making a steady domain through gifts from associations to assist offices with expanding their medication flexibly (Thompson, Watson, Tilford, 2017). In conclusion, it is additionally fundamental to c onstruct wellbeing arrangements, for example, the presentation of physical exercises in schools to guarantee that understudies keep their bodies fit. These activities have a connection among people, network, and the legislature. Each gathering requires the interest of the other to accomplish a definitive wellbeing objective. References Maximova, K., Hanusaik, N., Kishchuk, N., Paradis, G., OLoughlin, J. L. (2016). General wellbeing systems advancing physical action and smart dieting in Canada: would we say we are evolving standards? Global diary of open health,61(5), 565-572. Thompson, S. R., Watson, M. C., Tilford, S. (2017). The Ottawa Charter 30 years on still a significant standard for wellbeing promotion.International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 1-12.

Societies Scapegoat :: essays research papers

Social orders Scapegoat      Youth wrongdoings are on a consistent ascent. It appears that ordinary brutal guilty parties continue getting more youthful and progressively forceful. We turn on the news just to hear that a multi year old mugged,shot,stabbed,beat or exploded one of his friends. With violations on the ascent including youngsters, individuals start to search for a reason. Society, when searching for a substitute, turns out to be more awful than a homicidal lynch horde at a witch preliminary. Generally the most evident wellspring of viciousness inside a home is the TV. Notwithstanding, by and large it isn't the genuine reason. With the TV in the bleeding edge of for all intents and purposes each home in the enlightened world, it's no big surprise that it's the least demanding objective for analysis. It's basic to accuse the cylinder for a youngster's conduct; it's a brisk and effectively distinguished wellspring of savagery inside a young people bound world. The TV ordinarily is distinguished as the reason for forceful acts to abstain from managing other hidden issues. Society today has a whole cluster of various pains that plague us from everyday. The TV is of almost no essentialness close by the landfill of difficulties that impact kids today. Plus, attempting to get systems to remove viciousness and hostility completely would resemble attempting to get Jesus Christ to compose a best ten rundown of reasons why Christianity sucks. (It won't occur.)      TV isn't the explanation that our childhood courts are completely filled with court dockets so revolting you would swear that you were taking a gander toward the beginning of the end of the world. TV programs are not the explanation behind the obvious increment in youthful wrongdoing. On the off chance that you end up getting your children from the police headquarters constantly, it's not the TV's issue!!! There are no huge ramifications for youth wrongdoing in our equity framework. Perhaps we ought to force stiffer punishments on savage wrongdoers, rather than more control on TV. Children would not have such an inclination to mug, beat, choke or shoot their friends on the off chance that there were harder ramifications for doing as such.      The Japanese are liable for probably the most fierce kid's shows ever made to date. I mean these things make our R appraised motion pictures resemble a stroll in the recreation center. Japanese kid's shows show gore and medication instigated killing binges as though they were nothing. Indeed, even with this awful conduct on Japanese TVs, the young wrongdoing and forceful conduct is one tenth of our own. How would this be able to be? Since the Japanese have received a zero resilience strategy for criminal conduct and censure hoodlums intensely.

The After-Life of Slavery - Free Essay Example

The After-life of Slavery In the book beloved, we are introduced to many different characters the setting is after slavery to a home where Sethe lives in. Before Sethe moved to 124 home, she lived on the plantation sweet home. She escapes from the underground railroad by the help of a woman. Before, Sethe didnt want to have her children go through slavery as she did. Throughout the book beloved, you see it focused on her older daughter, which she called Beloved. Throughout the book, you see the different relationships in the book to where you see the characters try to move forward after slavery. You will see how Beloved affected her life after slavery, making Sethe more emotional and guiltier through the time of her freedom. Firstly, in the first chapter in the book, you get a little background about the characters. We are introduced to Baby Suggs, which is Sethe mother-in-law. She is very sad after slavery because she lost all her children besides Halle. Baby Suggs doesnt know where Halle is. Paul D is introduced. A friend of Sethe and Halle at the plantation Sweet home. We see a very deep connection and relationship with Paul D and Sethe. When Paul D escape from sweet home the goes to 124. This was a friendly relationship he had with her. When Sethe was talking to her other daughter Denver. Denver asked what her mother was thinking about. Sethe told Denver she was thinking about the memories she has. Sethe seems to believe that the past will repeat itself. The one thing to see in the novel is how Sethe is trying to protect her children from the world. She thought killing Beloved was the best choice she has because she didnt want her children going through a life of slavery as she did. Even though they are free Sethe tries to protect Denver in the same context by informing her that the past can repeat itself. Sethe is trying to move forward into freedom and wants her daughter to make the right decisions in the future. Also, Sethe way of relaxing was a place called Clearing. She takes Denver and Beloved with her. Before Baby Suggs became depressed. Sethe blames herself because she left Halle behind. She would cry and la ugh to make herself feel better. She also wanted to love herself for who she was. This was Sethe way of moving forward to freedom with her Daughter Denver. To let go of all the things she didnt love about herself and try to let them go in these moments. She continues to talk about her past with Denver, how she escapes slavery while she was pregnant with her. She describes how she was protected and how she got to 124. We see Denver and Sethe Relationship change one, because of Beloved and two because of Paul D. Denver didnt care too much for Paul D and Sethe relationship, this made things difficult as they tried to move forward. We see the relationship of moving forward with Baby Suggs and Sethe after she escapes. She sits with Baby Suggs, Sethe seems to be calling at her mother-in-law as if she needs to be comforted. Once Sethe tries to turn for her Baby Suggs for comfort she finds that she is being strangled by her. Beloved comes to confront her and make sure she is okay. Sethe pushed Beloved from her. Denver is thinking that Beloved is the one strangled Sethe. Baby Suggs has a connection with Sethe because of Baby Suggs Son Halle, which Sethe wanted to marry. Baby Sugg wanted to know where her son is, and this is how the relationship between Sethe and Baby Sugg started. Sethe and Baby Suggs were both sad of the lost. Baby Suggs didnt know where Halle is and Sethe is morn for Beloved. Moving forward they found ways to clear their thoughts. Baby Suggs later fell into a deep depression and died because of the effects of slavery Secondly, you see the afterlife of slavery through beloved. Throughout the novel, you are to believe she still alive but actually, she isnt. Sethe is still grieving the loss of her daughter and see Sethe. As beloved is living with Sethe and Denver they start to care for her. Even though she doesnt seem to be sick or anything. It shows that Sethe has sympathy for Beloved. Sethe tries to be more caring for Beloved than anyone else. Throughout the entire novel, you see that Sethe try to put the death of her daughter so deep back where she actually forgets and take her in to care for her. This shows how mentally slavery affected people even after slavery ended. Sethe becomes more open with her daughters about her past and the choice she made. Part of the reason why is because Beloved is back in her life. The choices she made with Beloved make her realized that she has to be more open with her other daughter Denver. Beloved starts to hang around the house more epically with Denver. Once Denver sees Beloved actions she starts to wonder if she can Stop Beloved from hurting Sethe. Paul D seems to want to be more than just friends with Sethe. When he is free, the first thing he does is try to find Sethe. Once they reconnected you see them trying to move forward after slavery, even though they still shared stories about the plantation. Even though they shared their hard times they still want to move forward with their lives. Paul D, Denver, and Sethe goes to a carnival for Blacks enjoy themselves. At this point they all are happy. After Paul D discovered what Sethe did to her eldest daughter he left to figure out what is next from him. He tries to make Beloved understand why her mother killed her. Paul D tries to find comfort with Sethe because of he like her. He wanted to move forward with her and realize that what he wanted after slavery wasnt all he wanted to be. It was difficult after slavery finding love and what was next for them. In conclusion, Through Beloved, we see how difficult life after slavery affected everyone. From moving forward to where to go, with moving on from the emotional pain of the death of Sethe oldest Daughter. Even though slavery ended, it was still a challenge for African Americans to move forward with their lives. It took Sethe 18 years after and some to grieve her daughter death. In the book, Paul D talks to Sethe. Sethe said, She was my best thing (). You see Sethe is more caring for Beloved after slavery, while Sethe and Denver explained the events leading up to when they came to 124. Beloved makes everyone question the past, while they still try to move forward. She is the after life for them.

Find Out Who is Concerned About Essay on Anorexia and Why You Should Pay Attention

Find Out Who is Concerned About Essay on Anorexia and Why You Should Pay Attention There's no very clear cause of eating disorders, but they might be a consequence of several things. Anorexia is an illness, so there's not anything wrong with seeing a doctor to recuperate from it. Extreme weight reduction in people with anorexia nervosa can result in dangerous health issues and even death. The different forms of eating disorder. The Importance of Essay on Anorexia Treating bulimia and anorexia can be challenging and, in some instances, impossible, and it seems that the age of onset and diagnosis is crucial. While anorexia athletica isn't the exact disorder as anorexia nervosa, it can have a number of the exact long-term effects if it goes on for a protracted timeframe. People with Anorexia are inclined to be too great to be true. One is anorexia and the other one is bulimia. Distress Unfortunately, there's no single cause of Anorexia Nervosa making it tough to target the main reason why someone may suffer from them. A victim doesn't need to appear underweight or even average to endure any indications or symptoms of anorexia. Despite the fact that a specific source of anorexia has non been found yet, we can at least see manners in which it could be possible to forestall considerable instances of anorexia. Learn about symptoms, also referred to as anorexia learn more on the subject of anorexia precisely what the condition. Whispered Essay on Anorexia Secrets Nevertheless, your essay ought to be well-grounded, and all of your ideas, in addition to statements about anorexia that you would like to argue, ought to be reasonable and relevant. Keep in mind that a very good argumentative essay on anorexia is impossible without a good foundation in the sort of some appropriate evidence. An essay on anorexia addresses the overall topic of under-eating. Need someone to reassess my essay. Overall the whole article is everynhere. Any information necessary to supplement your ideas is included so far as the amount of the short article will permit. As it was mentioned, it is dependent upon the aim of your writing. Naturally, the central goal of your upcoming essay is going to be about the anorexia, but your task is going to be to discuss it from a specific angle. The Argument About Essay on Anorexia The bodily changes which often accompany anorexia usually need medical attention too. It can be a root cause of many problems and raise a number of meaningful questions. The symptoms include extreme weight reduction, together with an intense fear of gaining weight, while there are numerous unique theories on the reason. The most typical symptom is the refusal to keep up a healthful body weight. The outside look of a person with anorexia doesn't dictate the quantity of physical and mental turmoil they are enduring. Therefore, the commitment to diet and weight control is regarded as an effort to set a firm awareness of identity (Bhanji, 1999). There's nothing beautiful about this disease, there isn't a thing good about this obsession and ultimately, the man or woman is never pleased with their progress anyway. The very low self-esteem that accompanies the mentality of having an eating disorder, plays a substantial part in the way they see other men and women. Top Choices of Essay on Anorexia Children have to be showed love and caring to be able to derive the correct degrees of self-pride. An increasing number of teenagers have become anorexic and bulimic and it's not just affecting girls but boys have started to appear and say they've got an eating disorder. In spite of treatment, some people today die. Parents must also teach their children the worth of healthful eating, not send the message that being thin is vital. Top Choices of Essay on Anorexia For instance, you could question the very definition of anorexia for a disease. Also, anorexia was linked to the potential cause of excessive physical activity. There's not simply mental issues that come from anorexia, but there are several bodily troubles. As weight loss is normal to numerous different illnesses, diagnosing anorexia and bulimia can be hard sometimes. Kidney failure is brought on by a the absence of vitimans that the kidneys will need to function. The long-term prognosis for the two disorders varies. It's a disease and it does not ever goes away. Problems during pregnancy or following birth have been related to the evolution of an eating disorder. A person who has begun to observe the doctor impacts of the illness in their body may want to get hospitalized. All individuals are almost always interested to keep up a psychological disorder. Even more severe problems result if there's still no therapy. A vast array of factors are considered important in the start of eating disorders.

Information on the Internet Essay - 2584 Words

Information on the Internet During the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to move large amounts of information across great distances in a very short amount of time and at very low costs. The evolution of the computer era and our growing need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop, commonly referred to as the Internet or the world wide web. The Internet has influenced practically everyone’s life in some way whether it was done directly or indirectly. Our children are exposed to the Internet at school, and we are exposed to the Internet simply by just watching our television†¦show more content†¦My advice to these people is to â€Å"change the station if you don’t like what you see†. Laws and the Internet The newest waves of laws making their way through Congress threaten to stifle spontaneity of the Internet. Recently, Congress has considered passing laws that will make it a crime to send vulgar language or encryption software over the web. These crimes could result in prosecutions punishable by jail time. No matter how insignificant, any attempt at government intervention on the Internet will stifle the greatest communication innovation of this century. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and it is trying to use the protection of children as a smoke screen to impose these laws upon us. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while wide spread encryption could help eliminate the need for government intervention. How Do We Interpret the Internet The current body of laws existing today in America does not apply well to the Internet. Is the Internet like a broadcasting medium, where the government monitors what is broadcast? Is it like a bookstore, where servers cannot be expected to review every title? 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Mean Girls Movie Review/ Personality Psychology Essay

Movie Review- Mean Girls Brooke Millett Sheridan College Personality and how we behave have been of much interest to psychologists for a long time now and because of this there have been many theories and theorists that have been developed. Personality is defined as consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within and individual (Fritzley, 2012, p. 10). There are six main approaches to personality psychology they include: biological approach, humanistic approach, behaviorist approach, trait approach, psychoanalytic approach and cognitive approach. Each approach shines a little light onto why we behave the way we do and how our personalities are formed, the approaches contain many different theories from†¦show more content†¦We use these mechanisms to cope with anxiety created by the id, reality, and the superego, so the ego creates these mechanisms (Cherry, n.d. para. 2). Freud’s topographical model consists of conscious, unconscious and preconscious. Conscious is everything your aware of, uncons cious is the part of our mind that is very difficult to retrieve and contains everything we are unaware of and our preconscious is everything that is retrievable that you are not currently aware of. Then there is Freud’s structural model which contains the id, ego, and the superego (Fritzley, 2010, p. 10-13). The story begins when Cady meets two friends, Janis and Damien, who show Cady the ways of high school. This is a very normal way in reality and most would not think much of it. Unconsciously, Freud would say, that there is some sort of motive behind this behavior and that there is no possible way that there doing it just to be nice. But as the story goes on we do find out that Janis used to be best friends with Regina (queen bee of â€Å"the plastics†) and that their friendship ended due to Regina spreading a rumor that Janis was a lesbian. When Cady is asked by Regina to hang out she is very hesitant to do so and tells Janis what is happening. Janis gets overly excited and instantly her id, the pleasure seeking principle, of her behavior jumps into play causing her to completely ignoreShow MoreRelatedEssay on The First Gay Movie: Transamerica directed by Duncan Tucker2331 Words   |  10 Pagesfirst gay movie I watched was â€Å"Transamerica† directed by Duncan Tucke r. While reading its review, I was impressed and fascinated by one sentence â€Å"Bree is one in which many will identify with in needing to become the person you really should be† (Irapoport, 2005). After this movie, I started searching for other gay movies and continued to watch gay movies until today. I am the kind of person who enjoys movies; however, this does not apply to all genres. 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Traditional Marketing And Sports Marketing - 1609 Words

Traditional marketing and Sport Marketing have similarities and differences. Being able to understand the similarities and differences would help someone comprehend both principles. Both principles share the Marketing Mix or 4P’s of marketing. The 4P’s are product (or service), place, price, and promotion. As defined by McCarthy and Perreault (1988), the marketing mix refers to the controllable variables the company puts together to satisfy a target group. I will explain the differences of the 4ps in traditional marketing and sports marketing. In traditional marketing business companies have to make sure that they are providing the right product. Determining the product is essential in business. For instance, Pepsi Co. has defined its product as cola soda. Likewise in sports marketing a product needs to be defined also. A sports agent’s product is the athlete. He or she has to represent the client well enough to get preferred contracts or top dollar e ndorsements. 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The Nuclear Theory Of The Atomic Theory - 1363 Words

The Atomic Theory The atomic theory is a fundamental scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms, which came from the Greek word atomon, meaning ‘uncuttable’. This theory was based on the concept that any given item in the universe could be broken down using pico- and femtometer atomic/subatomic/alpha particles. If this idea had never been composed, science would have suffered as a result and many scientists would not have been known for their raison d’etre’s. Traveling back to the time era of Aristotle and Democritus, around 400 BCE, we start at the beginning stages of the atomic theory of. While Democritus disagreed, Aristotle believed that matter could be divided infinitely without changing it’s properties. Democritus strongly believed that an atom was the smallest particle you could reach, and once you reach that part it was no longer divisible. He called this particle an atom, or iginating from the Greek word atomos (no longer divisible). A man that most are unaware of is Leucippus. This man is a philosopher who, credited by Aristotle and Theophrastus, has supposedly originated the theory of atomism. By being a philosopher, he had the experience of having Democritus as his most famous pupil. With this in history, it has been hard to distinguish his contributions to science from that of Democritus’. However, with the two men (Aristotle and Democritus) disagreeing, it was extremely hard to tell whoShow MoreRelatedThe Nuclear Theory Of The Atomic Theory Essay2134 Words   |  9 Pages The Atomic Theory’s Scientist are Mostly German Thomas Britton Kate Caufield New Albany Mr. Mumaw’s 6th Period Chemistry  Abstract The atomic theory has been worked on since around 400 BC. It is a theory that helps us to understand what everything in the universe is made of and what those particles are made of. 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The Human Capital and Signaling Models of Education Choice

Question: Discuss about the The Human Capital and Signaling Models of Education Choice. Answer: Introduction There are many factors that contribute to the differences in the command of an individual over the resources. The factors such as differences in the labor market engagement and education level attainment all across geographical areas. The geography significant urban areas distinguish between regional centers, remote areas and major cities. Education is considered as key determinants at both individual and national level for wellbeing, health and access to the economic resources. The human capital model will be used to understand the decision of education that an individual makes and consequences of decisions for wider society and themselves. Main Context The human capital is required for the purpose of the trade and the education so that the advancement must be done accordingly. The nations of the UNA help in the enhancement and the growth of the human capital which helps in the creation of the rakings in the human beings. Thus it results in the segregation of the indigenous population that helps in the creation of the approach for the census measurement. For this reason, education becomes on e of the key components of the HDI. It also helps in the creation of the primary, tertiary and the secondary enrolment rates that helps in the construction of the educational index. As per the census of Australia, 23.9 % of the indigenous population lies below the age of the 15 years and have also completed the high school education with the creation of the less than half a rate of the non-indigenous population that helps in the creation of the education system among the indigenous people. This helps in the increment of the life of the degree of the trade qualification also helps in the increment of the life expectancy and the income of the per capita (Anon, 2016). Thus the figures regarding the educational qualification help in the increment of the educational system and also create motivation for the development of the indigenous students as to cover the unemployment gap. Thus it also helps the government to take part in enhancing the growth of the educational system regarding the consideration made for the schools of primary as well as the secondary. Thus the students are helped with the educational system that is required for the creation of the enhancement of the growth of the academic achievements. Thus the knowledge is essential for the creation of the model and hence it helps in the differentiation of the HCM and the signaling models of the education. The HCM helps in the representation of the Human Capital Model that helps in the assuming that d4ecides whether any certain type of the education is undertaken or not. Thus it also helps in the creation of the various limitations that helps in understanding the values of the struggles that enhances the growth of the productivity directly. The Human capital and the signaling difference are created for the implementations of the policy implications for the purpose of enhance made for the policies by the government. Thus it also helps in undertaking the focus made on the type of the education and the increment of the education will helps in the increment of the wide range of the productivity of the economy. It also helps in mitigating the risks that are related to the cost of the education variations with the increment of the provision of the government towards the education. It also helps to lead the economic productivity that helps in the increment of the prices that are required for the exchange of the goods and the capitals with the relative earnings (Anon, 2016). The determination of the costs of the education helps in the creation of the income stream that is required for the detection of the proper outcomes for the countrys economy. With the case of the signaling or screening, the educational system gets affected by the earning received from the related economy and thus it also helps in the increment of the economy for the enhancement of the system and thus it also helps in the development of the economic growth. Thus the growth of the economy is also determined for the carrying out the prospects of the differentiation of the HCI and the signaling model of the education system. The low employment rates are one of the main reasons for many of poor economic and the social outcomes that are experienced by the indigenous Australians. The increase in the indigenous employment rates result in the economic gains to individuals who are employed and their communities and families to government who receives higher revenue of tax and have lower social security and economy as whole through the increase in the labor supply. It has also been evaluated that the social and health benefits flow from the paid employment. The benefits from the employment can be featured as direct economic benefits to an individual who is employed and flow on economic, social and health benefits (Anon, 2016). The second benefits includes improved physical and mental health, higher rates of ownership, improved development of the children, lower rates of incarceration and arrest, lower likelihood of being the victim of crime and higher quality of houses. It includes economic benefits to the gove rnment such as higher revenue from taxation, lower social security, reduced expenditure on the labor market, reduced expenditure to health system, housing, criminal justice and range of social programs. The benefits to the economy of a country results in the increase in the labor supply. The employment benefits are broad based and it is important for a nation (Caepr.anu.edu.au, 2016). The challenges that can be faced is to establish the relationship between the employment and range of social and health outcomes, determining the impact such as employment is less likely to be incarcerated or arrested than those who are employed. It has been estimated that the indigenous population is increasing and changing through time and the social and economic cost of employment are also increasing. The indigenous population is growing rapidly than the non indigenous population and the increase in the population may be faster than the growth rate of the economy than leads to the increase in the co st as the percentage of government expenditure and GDP (Caepr.anu.edu.au, 2016). There is significant impact of health, economic and social on the indigenous population and it has been estimated with the help of survey. Conclusion The employment level and education play an important in the development of indigenous population. The government should take appropriate steps in the development of the health, education and employment rate in the country. The increase in the employments will increase the standard of living of indigenous people, their health and education level that will help them to develop and live in the community. The increase in the education level will make them to understand and take decision as well as getting jobs in the organizations. References Anon, (2016).[online] Available at: https://caepr.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/Publications/WP/CAEPRWP67_0.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016]. Anon, (2016).[online] Available at: TopicalTopical_Issue_01-2014_GrayHunterBiddle_EconomicSocialBenefitsIndigenousEmployment.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016]. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://andrewleigh.org/pdf/auditdiscrimination.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016]. Caepr.anu.edu.au. (2016). Income, work and education: Insights for closing the gap in urban Australia - CAEPR - ANU. [online] Available at: https://caepr.anu.edu.au/Publications/WP/2014WP92.php [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016]. Caepr.anu.edu.au. (2016). Skills and learning - CAEPR - ANU. [online] Available at: https://caepr.anu.edu.au/Skills-and-learning.php [Accessed 5 Jun. 2016].

The Earthquakes Of 1811 And 1812 In free essay sample

The Mississippi River Valley Essay, Research Paper When one thinks of temblors, the Mississippi river vale ( MRV ) , does non often come to mind. One normally thinks of one of California # 8217 ; s legion mistakes or someplace in Alaska. However, small known to the general populace, there were two monolithic temblors in the MRV, which rank among the top three in the immediate United States and in the top 10 for the full United States ( hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwneic. cr.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/bigten.lis ) . Get downing in the early forenoon hours of December 16, 1811 a violent shaking of the Earth began, which continued on for three months, bring forthing two of the three largest temblors in the immediate US, this peculiar temblor registered an 8.0 in magnitude on the Richter graduated table. There was a 2nd temblor on February 7, 1812 which registered 8.2 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwneic.cr.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/ bigten.lis ) . The home base which is responsible for this activity is named the New Madrid Seismic zone, it is named for the lone populated metropolis that was in being in the clip and the country of these temblors, New Madrid, Missouri. The New Madrid Seismic zone lies in the cardinal MRV, get downing in southern Illinois and stoping in sou-east Missouri, western Tennessee. Normally an temblor consists of a principal daze and so the aftershocks, the 1811-1812 temblors didn # 8217 ; t follow the usual form. There was the first primary daze, at and so it # 8217 ; s aftershocks, nevertheless the aftershocks from the first temblor hadn # 8217 ; T subsided before the 2nd chief daze hit. Following suite, the aftershocks from the 2nd temblor had non terminated when the 3rd and largest chief daze hit ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eas. slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/Nuttli.1973/intensity.html ) . It is hard to bet on the existent strength of the temblors due to the deficiency of engineering, nevertheless, the strength can be estimated by the harm caused by the temblors and besides by the diaries of the people settling this portion of the state. Fortunately, a adult male by the name of Jared Brooks, who was a occupant of Louisville KY, kept a diary of the seismal activity from December 16, 1811 to May 5, 1812. He had devised his ain system of mensurating strengths with a set of horizontal pendulums from 1 to 6 inches in length and a set of perpendicular spring- mass systems. Inventing his ain instruments, he besides created his ain classs of strengths, with six degrees. The first is comparable to an eight on the Modified Mercalli graduated table, 2nd degree is a five to a six, third is a four to five, 4th is a three, the 5th degree is comparable to a two on the MM, the 6th is a 1 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/ Nuttli.1973/Magnitudes.html ) . With the aid of these measurings scientist have been able to invent approximative strengths of these temblors. The followers is a map with the MM strength values for the December 16, 1811 temblor. Map ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/Nuttli.1973/Intensity.html ) Through some in depth research about land gestures and strengths of these temblors, if has been concluded that the epicentre of the first temblor ( December 16, 1811 ) was closer to the nor-east Arkansas near the southern terminal of the lake formed by the St. Francis River. The lake in the country was raised every bit much as 12 ft. up higher than the encompassing state. The H2O in the lake was drained and replaced by white sand. It was stated by the Louisiana Gazette that the river itself rose every bit much as 25 to 30 pess above it # 8217 ; s Bankss ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/Nuttli.1973/Intensity.html ) . There are several published personal histories of these temblors, the following is an aggregation of extracts from a missive found in a book entitled, # 8220 ; Lorenzo Dow # 8217 ; s Journal, # 8221 ; published by Jos Harkat-ul-Mujahidin Martin, printed by John B. Wolff, 1849, on pages 344-346. On the 16th of December, 1811, approximately two O # 8217 ; clock, A.M. , we were visited by a violent daze of an temblor, accompanied by a really atrocious noise resembling loud but distant boom, but more hoarse and vibrating, which was followed in a few proceedingss by the complete impregnation of the atmosphere, with sulphurious vapours, doing entire darkness. The shriek of the affrighted dwellers running to and fro, non cognizing where to travel, or what to make # 8211 ; the calls of the poultry and animals of every species the snap of trees falling, and the boom of the Mississippi # 8211 ; the current of which was retrogade for a few proceedingss, owing as is supposed, to an irruption in its bed # 8212 ; formed a scene genuinely atrocious. There were several dazes of a twenty-four hours, but lighter than those already mentioned until the 23d of January, 1812, when one occurred as violent as the severest of the former 1s, accompanied by the same phenomena as the former. From this clip until the 4th of February the Earth was in continual agitation, visibly beckoning as a soft sea. On that twenty-four hours there was another daze, about every bit difficult as the proceeding 1s. Following twenty-four hours four such, and on the 7th about 4 O # 8217 ; clock A.M. , a concussion took topographic point so much more violent than those that had proceeded it, that it was dominated the difficult daze. The atrocious darkness of the ambiance, which was once saturated with sulphurious vapour, and the force of the stormy thundering noise that accompanied it, together with all of the other phenomena mentioned as go toing the former 1s, formed a scene, the description of which would necessitate the most sublimely notional imaginativeness. At foremost the Mississippi seemed to withdraw from its Bankss, and its Waterss garnering up like a mountain, go forthing for the minute many boats, which were here on their manner to New Orleans, on bare sand, in which clip the hapless crewmans made their flight from them. It so lifting 15 to 20 pess sheer, and spread outing, as it were, at the same minute, the Bankss were overflowed with the retrogade current, rapid as a downpour # 8211 ; the boats which earlier had been left on the sand were now torn from their moorages, and all of a sudden driven up a small brook, at the oral cavity of which they laid, to the distance in some cases, of about a one-fourth of a stat mi. The river falling instantly, every bit rapid as it had risen, receded in its Bankss once more with such force, that it took with it whole Grovess of immature cotton-wood trees, which ledged its boundary lines. They were broken off which such regularity, in some cases, that individuals who had non witnessed the fact, would be difficultly persuaded, that is has non been the work of art. A great many fish were left on the Bankss, being unable to maintain gait with the H2O. The river was literally covered with the wrecks of boats, and # 8217 ; Ti said that one was wrecked in which there was a lady and six kids, all of whom were lost ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hsv.com/genlintr/newmadrd/ accnt1.htm ) . This is a really powerful history of the first and 2nd primary dazes. Having neer been in an temblor I can non conceive of # 8220 ; the Earth visibly beckoning as a soft sea # 8221 ; . There are several other published histories, nevertheless, none as descriptive and powerful as this one. Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/NewMadrid/General.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/Nuttli.1973/Intensity.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/Street/rstreet.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hsv.com/genlintr/newmadrd/accnt1.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/ Nuttli.1973/Magnitudes.html hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwneic.cr.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/bigten.lis

SAT Essay Prompts - Helping You Choose the Right One

SAT Essay Prompts - Helping You Choose the Right OneWhile taking SAT Essay prompt tests and writing essay is an integral part of the college entrance exam, there are many people who don't realize the importance of trying to practice these skills. In order to ensure that you can pass this portion of the exam, it is important to learn to take the questions more seriously and write in a way that gives your answers context. This is what separates the people who do well from those who do poorly on the SAT Essay prompt tests.There are many types of essay prompts, and the question for many students is whether they can choose one that will best suit their style of writing. There are many SAT essay prompt samples to help you decide which one is best for you. However, it is important to remember that you should have a firm idea of how you want to write the essay before trying out a sample question or two.There are many choices when it comes to selecting essay prompt questions, but it is import ant to note that you will find some that are offered only once. For example, one of the SAT essay prompt samples that you may find is an essay prompt on combining your passions with your interests. If you were thinking of writing about a subject such as physics, you might think of a topic that involves math, like general relativity or calculus.Another example of an essay prompt that you might consider is one on the question of what determines your success or failure. You might find questions on what it takes to succeed in the field of education, or what determines if you will be successful in your chosen career. There are also questions on the topic of the heart. If you had planned to write an essay about your mother, you might want to try writing about how your love for her inspired you to achieve success in the field you are interested in.One of the biggest areas where people find difficulty in is when it comes to writing the essay. The reason for this is that they don't know how to make their essay stand out from the other essays they have read. It is critical that you learn to write in a way that will catch the attention of the judges, and you want to make sure that your essay has several different elements to it. Some of the SAT essay prompt samples that you might find include writing an essay on the benefits of being in a new environment or learning a new skill.In addition to giving you examples of good essay prompts, the SAT essay prompts that you will find online will give you lots of ideas for topics that you can use in your essay. These include the topic of the weather, trends in technology, and questions about politics and religion. Even if you were planning to write about the history of an American city, it is possible to find essay prompts that will help you write an essay about a particular topic.The SAT essay prompt samples that you will find online are great for choosing a topic for your essay. But, it is also important to remember that you wil l also find sections of essays that will not feature questions. These are often time-based essay prompts that provide more information that is helpful for preparing you for the SAT.In order to write an essay that will measure up to the standards set by the college board, you will need to write an essay that covers every aspect of the SAT and also get your essay finished in time for testing day. So, to prepare yourself for this process, it is important to start out by reviewing sample SAT essay prompts. Doing so will help you determine what type of essay that you need to prepare for the SAT.

Marxist Concept of Exploitation and the Contemporary Labour Market

Proposal essays

Proposal essays First year students at the University of Dayton are at a disadvantage because they are unable to have vehicles due to little parking space. This could be fixed, making all happy, by supplying a parking lot for first year students. I am rather qualified in this area for I have done research on the topic and I am also a first year student at the university, so I know how it affects students first hand. Unfortunately, it wont be a fast process to get this accomplished, for it will have to go through the school board committee and so on. Currently the university is also looking at several other big projects as well, such as building new and renovating old dormitories and building a new music building and/or practice field for the band. This also is a rather expensive project as well, but I feel it is well worth it for it will help the students affected greatly. It is figured that this project will cost approximately $38, 920. Currently, first year students at the University of Dayton are unable to bring cars with them to the campus. This can put those students at a great disadvantage in many ways. Yes, it will help keep the students on the campus, well some of them, but I think if we were allowed to have a car on campus, we could adjust a little bit better to the new life or environment we have here. It makes it very difficult for those students to get jobs off campus due to the fact that they dont have a way to get to work unless they catch the bus or have someone that is willing to take them, which isnt always sufficient. I have researched the subject to discover what has to be done to get a project such as this accomplished here at the university. First and foremost I found out how many first year students were enrolled at the University of Dayton. Next I found out how many of those first year students were living in campus housing a ...

Changes in Financial Reporting for a Nevada Casino in regards to Essay

Changes in Financial Reporting for a Nevada Casino in regards to Regulation 9A and the SarbanOxley Act - Essay Example With this in mind, it can be stated that the influence of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act adoption in 2002 on the financial reporting of the Nevada casinos is quite comparable to that of the other public companies. On the contrary, the impact of the Regulation 6A which was put into effect in 1997 was much more specific in nature. Both of these legislative acts, however, became two more integral parts of extremely complex regulative environment the gambling industry operates in. The major requirements that explicitly affect the Nevada casinos, besides the restrictions on the audit procedures, pension funds blackout periods and restriction on loans to senior management, are corporate responsibility regulations and use of the non-GAAP financial measures in press-releases and reports. The CEO and CFO of each issuer shall prepare a statement to accompany the audit report to certify the "appropriateness of the financial statements and disclosures contained in the periodic report, and that those financial statements and disclosures fairly present, in all material respects, the operations and financial condition of the issuer." A violation of this section must be knowing and intentional to give rise to liability. (AICPA) TheThe issue of the use of non-GAAP financial measures in information releases through mass media or corporate reports is quite important for the casinos because these channels are used not only for communicating data to the investors, but as well for the PR-purposes with the general audience. SEC Regulation G (adopted under 401(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) regulates this issue and provides that the use of non-GAAP financial measures in press releases or other public disclosures must be accompanied by a presentation of, and reconciliation to, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. (Martin 1) The Regulation 6A named "Cash Transactions prohibitions, reporting, and recordkeeping" closely addresses, on the other hand, the very characteristic feature of the casino business - the cash transactions. It is part of the Nevada's regulatory system for currency transaction reporting which, according to the Nevada Gaming Commission and State Control Board consists of the following: NGC Regulation 6A adopted January 1997 effective May 1, 1997 (prior version adopted and effective May 7, 1985). The regulation was amended March 20, 2003 to delete state suspicious transaction reporting requirements and was effective immediately upon adoption. NGC Regulation 6.090 Currency Transaction Reporting Minimum Internal Control Standards (6A MICS). Version 3 required compliance as of May 1, 1997. CPA 6A MICS Compliance Reporting Requirements (CPA 6A MICS Requirements). Version 1 required compliance as of November 1, 1997. Internal Audit Compliance Checklists for Currency Transaction Reporting. Version 1 required usage for any work performed for fiscal years ended April 30, 2001 and thereafter. (Currency Transaction Reporting 1) The restrictions set by the Regulation 6A on the cash transact

Medical Microbiology case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical Microbiology case study - Essay Example ion which is the infection of the urethra and bladder that is shown by pain during urination, frequent urinating, blood stained urine and ‘NO’ fever is reported. The upper urinary tract infection that is the infection of the kidney parenchyma and pylus that shows in lower UTI signs and symptoms, fever and chills, vomiting and nausea (Tadesse & Alem, 2006). Laboratory diagnosis involves direct microscopic examinations of white blood cells, erythrocytes and epithelial cells. Existence of more than five white blood cells and many epithelial cells per HPF indicates UTI (Tadesse & Alem, 2006). Also culture can be done through blood agar medium and Mac Conkey agar medium. Culture results are interpreted as greater than or equal to 105cfu/ml of urine indicates UTI. Less than 103cfu/ml of urine shows specimen contamination, 103 - 105 cfu/ml of urine is not certain and 103 - 105cfu/ml of urine in catheterized specimen or symptomatic patient shows UTI (Tadesse & Alem, 2006). There are two species: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomallei. Our species of interest is P. Aeruginosa. It is located in animal and human intestines, soil, water and moist areas in hospitals. Primarily, it is a nosocomial bacterium. It invades and triggers infections in hospitalized persons whose host defences are abnormal. It produces toxins. Its antigenic features include exotoxin A which by hindering protein synthesis is cytotoxic, pili to stick to epithelial cells, lipopolysacchride which has an endotoxic effect, exopolysacchride that has anti – phagocytic features and its enzymes include protease, hemolysins, phospholipases C and elastases which digests proteins (Tadesse & Alem, 2006). Its clinical features are that it’s pathogenic when it is introduced into environments that lack the required defences such as neutropenia of any cause, a broken mucus membrane and the utilization of urine catheter. Urinary tract infection is related with an indwelling catheter (Tadesse & Alem,

Tv Food Essay Example for Free

Tv Food Essay Have you ever sat in front of the TV devouring tons of snacks and not even paid attention to how much you had already eaten? That is why this essay sparked my attention! I constantly find myself in front of the TV craving snacks and chomping away, not even thinking about how much I am eating. Dolly Mittal, Richard J. Stevenson, Megan J. Oaten, and Laurie A. Miller conducted an experiment to find out if our memory is a factor for what we’ve already eaten. One amnesiac patient HM started this idea when he sat down to eat a second meal immediately after consuming the first because he had forgotten he already had eaten. This experiment is trying to show that snacking while watching TV, in opposition to snacking while not watching TV, can lead us to eat more later on. They want to prove it is because the TV affects our memory of how much we snacked earlier. In experiment one they take thirty-two female women that are not dieting and not diabetic with a BMI between 18 and 25 and let them spend 20 minutes eating as much snack food as they want. They are given chocolate balls, pringles, coca cola, and orange juice. Half of these ladies did it watching a 20 minute TV episode and the other half did it sitting quietly. Afterwards the remains were taken and measured; both groups consumed around the same amount of snacks. Around one hour later they sat the ladies down to eat lunch which would include: sandwiches, biscuits, crackers and dip. They found the result they were looking for when the women who had watched TV earlier while snacking ate more of this meal than the ladies who had earlier snacked without the TV. The result was finale when the TV group also couldn’t remember how much they had snacked on during the time they watched the TV. In experiment two the experiment was very similar to experiment one except that they wanted to see if the type of TV show would affect anything. This time they had the ladies watch different types of shows- funny, sad, and boring. The results were very similar to the first experiment and they learned that the type of TV show made no difference to the food they consumed. It was confirmed that when normal weight non-dieting females snack while watching TV, they later consume more food on a TV free meal than participants who snacked without TV. Also, participants who watched TV while snacking were less accurate in remembering the amount of snack food they had consumed. Something that I thought was interesting about this experiment is that it doesn’t work on men. In the journal it is mentioned that men take a different approach to this and try to eat as much food as possible, yet in the beginning the amnesiac patient HM that Hebben reported was a male. I didn’t like that the women fasted before they came to do the experiment. It is not a real life situation. Most of the time when I’m snacking in front of the TV I might have already eaten before that or I am just about to eat. Also If I knew that this experiment was all about food – I do not know if I would have eaten what I normally do. I might have been embarrassed and not given correct information. There is no way to make this experiment work 100% but that is how it is with most experiments. They conclude †Our data suggest that TV probably exerts some as yet unspecified effect on participants’ ability to recall earlier bouts of food consumption, leading to over consumption on a later TV free test meal. As TV viewing is associated with eating in so many different ways and as over consumption of food is a major problem in most industrialized nations, it would seem important to study exactly how this occurs. â€Å" Obesity is a HUGE problem in our country and I think that this could possibly have something to do with it. Even small children are watching TV now with a bag of chips in one hand and a soda in the other. Our nation is constantly getting fatter. Now when I sit in front of the TV I will think about what I’m eating and apply what I know to help me consume the right amount of food.

Tolerance in the Middle Ages :: essays research papers

The issue of toleration has and always will be a strong and influential topic among peoples of all ethnic and culture backgrounds. The same is true for the issue of religious toleration, in the case being between the Jews and the Christians in Medieval Europe. It is argued between R. Menahem ha-meir and Katz that the word toleration is not simply an explanation of the times, but rather a false impression of the truth. The truth in this case being, that the Jews and Christians wanted isolation and separatism from each other while at the same time being able to co-exist together in their respective societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By looking at the Katz text, it is plain to see that his main argument on the topic of religious toleration is that these two groups of people in this time period did indeed desire separation and exclusiveness from each other. The problem that stemmed from this isolation was the difficulty in making everyday life work for both religious groups while at the same time keeping them apart from one another as much as possible. Furthermore, we see the struggle defined by Katz which describes the Jews and the difficulty they faced in translating their ancient texts to every day life scenarios. Much of what was written in the Aggadah and the Halakha was not always applicable to these past every day situations, so we begin to see a redefining and stretching of the sayings in the ancient text and the politics of the time in order to better suit the people and not disrupt the economy, society, etc. For example, we see the Jews now being able to represent themselves in court because of the new technicality which allows the oath to be taken. It is now allowed because the Christian taking the oath is swearing on a ?composite? God and more technically, a piece of paper which the Jews do not recognize as true authority (The Gospels). This shows how the social realities had changed and how the Jews had adapted to the situations by not getting rid of the text, but by instead articulating the text while maintaining exclusiveness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, R. Menahem ha-meir says in his article that toleration needs to be understood contextually, as in Katz?s work, however he also stresses that the need for the isolation and separation should be looked at strictly in its historical environment along with the already specific religious assumptions that the Christians and Jews have towards one another.

Recruitment Policy vs Recruitment Process

Find (Cntl-F) Best Paper Index Table of Contents RECRUITMENT POLICY VS. RECRUITMENT PROCESS: ESPOUSED THEORY AND THEORY-IN-USE ANNA M. STAFSUDD Department of Business Administration Lund University P. O. Box 7080 SE-220 07 Lund Sweden INTRODUCTION This paper argues that recruitment policy does not influence the recruitment process to a large extent, as it represents an espoused theory, which is used to explain and idealize behavior after it has occurred. Instead, it is argued that recruitment decision assumptions will guide the recruitment process, as they represent theories-in-use. These recruitment decisions, in the form of how internal employees’ firm-specific knowledge is valued, will affect whether managers are internally promoted or externally recruited. How an organization values such knowledge may be inferred from control systems, which is illustrated using the examples of socialization and bureaucratic control systems. These control systems have been chosen, as they represent opposite perspectives on the value of firm-specific knowledge and will, therefore, have opposite impacts on internal or external recruitment being more probable. ESPOUSED THEORY AND THEORY-IN-USE The framework of Argyris and Schon (1974) presents how espoused theory and theory-inaction relate to each other, as well as to other variables. As can be seen in figure 1, espoused theory and theory-in-use can be positioned against each other, resulting in either congruence or incongruence. Furthermore, the figure depicts the assumption that espoused theory is separated from action and only serves to explain and idealize it afterwards. Instead, it is theory-in-use, which influences action, as people act according to the requirements of the governing variables of their theories-in-use. Theories-in-use will also tend to influence how a person will perceive the surroundings, i. e. the behavioral world. This is a world created by human convention and continued by human choice, rather than being an inherent nature of reality. Concluding a feedback circle, the behavioral worlds will be used as validation for those same theories-in-use, by which the behavioral worlds have been created and tend, therefore, to further reinforce them. This framework thus, depicts one problem with having theories-in-use, in that they tend to be self-sealing. Theories-in-use shaping action and behavioral world, while still using action and behavioral world as reasons and validation tends to enforce a circular logic, where a feed-back loop is dependent on the prior assumptions. One example of such a problem is presented by Argyris and Schon (1974), where a teacher experiences a self-sealing problem of assuming that his students are stupid. In assuming that the students are stupid, the teacher acts as though they are in fact stupid. By clearly letting the students know that he thinks they are stupid, the teacher will ask such questions as elicit stupid answers from them, thus, enforcing stupid behavior on the part of the students. The teacher will then test his theories and as he himself enforces stupid behavior in the students, his theories will be reinforced. The longer the teacher and the students interact, the more firmly will the teacher become in his theory-in-use of them being stupid. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G1 ———————-Figure 1 about here ———————–Apart from the earlier discussed variables there are five more, with which espoused theory, theory-in-use, action and behavioral world can be analyzed and which represent possible dilemmas in or between the other variables. Internal consistency may be analyzed for each of the two variables of espoused theory and theory-in-use, as a description of how internally consistent the theories and the assumptions of the theories are. Congruence, on the other hand, represents a means for analyzing fit or consistency between espoused theory and theory-in-use. Espoused theory and theory-in-use are related in the way that espoused theory represents what one says one is doing, whereas theory-in-use represents what one actually does do. Thus, theory-in-use influences action and behavioral world. Effectiveness is a variable, with which one can analyze how well actions enforce the behavioral world that a theory-in-use would lead to without the mediating variable of action. Effectiveness is, therefore, not used when analyzing espoused theory, as it will not influence action. The model also depicts a feedback loop, as theory-in-use influences action, which in turn leads to a behavioral world, which is then used to validate and reinforce theories-in-use. How well the behavioral world can be used to reinforce or gainsay theory-in-use in turn depends on how well the theory-in-use can be tested, i. e. the testability of the theory in a specific situation. Apart from these analytical variables, there is one more variable, which represents a normative dimension of the framework. This variable is represented by the values of the behavioral world. After having analyzed the other variables, a person would finally also ponder whether the behavioral world, created by the process involved in the framework, would be considered a positive or negative one. Depending on the answer, the person would perceive a propensity for stability or change. RECRUITMENT POLICY AND RECRUITMENT DECISION ASSUMPTIONS The espoused theory in the case of an organization’s recruitment activities is represented by the recruitment policy, as stated by the organization, whereas theory-in-use is represented by the assumptions on which the recruitment is actually based. An internal recruitment policy may in general be assumed, due to it being so common as it represents marketing towards the employees (Coff, 1997; Chan, 1996; Browner and Kubarski, 1991; Tanushaj, Randall and McCullough, 1988). In contrast to espoused theories, theories-in-use cannot be easily observed (Argyris and Schon, 1974). It can be argued that recruitment decision assumptions may be observed indirectly through what candidates are in fact recruited, but in such cases we would resort to tautology in assuming that persons are selected based on the fact that they are selected. However, patterns may of course be observed and analyzed. As for recruitment decision assumptions, it seems safe to argue that the primary governing variable in a recruitment process is recruiting the best candidate available for the position. The ability of a candidate is, however, difficult to evaluate and recruiters will, therefore, use different proxies in order to evaluate ability and reduce information uncertainty. Focusing on the recruitment process in terms of choice between internal promotion and external recruitment, it would seem more probable for an organization to recruit internally, as this reduces information uncertainty in that candidates may be directly observed. Furthermore, Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G2 internal recruitment may be preferred due to employees’ firm-specific knowledge (Chan, 1996). The higher the value placed on firm-specific knowledge, the likelier will internal recruitment be. Recruitment decision assumptions in the case of what value is placed on firm-specific knowledge may be observed through what control systems are used. This argument is based on the assumption that control systems not only represent measurement systems in evaluating a manager’s behavior, but that they also signal what behavior is considered appropriate and, therefore, will be learned by managers. This reasoning is based on expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964), stating that motivation for a certain behavior depends on a person’s beliefs of what outcomes will tend to result from a specific behavior and the attractiveness a person attaches to those outcomes in terms of their ability to satisfy a person’s needs. Thus, persons will be shaped by what is expected from them by others. Consequently, as behavior and values are affected, control systems will have an impact on whether certain skills can be found in the organization or not. Here, the impact of the two control systems of socialization and bureaucratic control systems will be presented, as they relate to whether learning of corporate-approved behavior is valued or not. Thus, the difference lies in whether appropriate behavior needs to be learned over time or if it has been formalized by the organization in terms of for example rules and regulations. Socialization is a form of premise control, i. e. ontrol is exerted prior to the action (Cyert and March, 1988), which means that appropriate behavior is internalized by the employees. Not only actions, but also thinking, are thereby influenced to include appropriate assumptions and values. This is related to how institutionalization will tend to become self-reinforcing, after a while needing no rewards or other intervening procedures, as once institutionaliz ed social knowledge will tend to become a part of organizational daily life (Zucker, 1977). Lack of displaying the appropriate behavior will result in personal consequences. Reinforcements of proper behavior and thinking are in this context made in terms of peer approval, membership and leadership. In contrast, not displaying appropriate behavior will result in the person’s actions being perceived as deviating, which is punished by belittlement, hostility and ostracism (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). A high degree of socialization will affect the recruitment process in numerous ways. First, managers who do not embrace the appropriate values and display the appropriate behavior will have a lesser chance of being promoted. Second, the internal managers will have an advantage, compared to the external ones, in the recruitment process. Third, a recruiter would tend to feel less uncertainty in recruiting a person from within the organization, knowing that the person has had opportunity to learn appropriate behavior and not having to resort to indirect signaling of such behavior in other candidates. Bureaucratic control systems do not provide the difficulty of observation that socialization does, in that this form may be termed the most visible of controls, where appropriate behavior is signaled by such mechanisms as budgets, reports and other documents. This form of control may be termed action control (Cyert and March, 1988), i. e. control is exerted during the action, which means that appropriate behavior is not internalized. Instead, tasks are simply performed in accordance with for example manuals, without having to reflect on what the appropriate action is. Thus, this form of control concerns mainly behavior and not an internalization of appropriate thinking. However, I stress my use of the word mainly, as repeated actions may in time be internalized and transferred into control of thinking and especially so if the bureaucratic control mechanisms in question are stable over time. Here, reinforcements of appropriate behavior consist of management commendation, monetary incentives and promotions, whereas Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G3 punishment for the wrong behavior will tend to consist of demanding the person accountable to explain the behavior in question (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). Reinforcements and punishments can in the case of bureaucratic control systems be considered to consist of more normative than affective mechanisms, as compared to possible ostracizing in organizations with a high degree of socialization. In the case of bureaucratic control systems, internal candidates will not tend to have the advantage of inherent knowledge of corporate values, to which external candidates do not have access. Therefore, as no internalization of appropriate values is present, external candidates will have a greater possibility of attaining a position, as compared to when organizations use socialization as control mechanism. The competitive situation will be more equal and the possibility and probability of external recruitment is, therefore, increased. However, there may still be higher costs incurred and a higher information uncertainty with external recruitment, as internal candidates may be observed directly. The above arguments do not include a certain prediction that a high degree of socialization will invariably lead to internal recruitment and bureaucratic control systems to an external one. They propose that external recruitment is made possible and, therefore, more likely by the absence of internalized knowledge of appropriate behavior and thinking, as such is instead formalized into rules and regulations. Indeed, this proposition may also include the opposite relationship, where a high degree of socialization may in fact incapacitate employees in terms of new thinking and dealing with new situations (Alvesson, 1993). For example, Wiersema and Bantel (1992) found that organizational tenure in CEOs was negatively correlated with strategic change. This implies that the longer persons stay in an organization, the more will they strive to preserve the organizational status quo and especially so in the case of a high degree of socialization. Thus, if new thinking is required in an organization with a high degree of socialization, due to for example a changing external context, external recruitment may be needed in order for the organization to cope with it. Degree of resistance to attempts of change tends to be related to the degree of institutionalization (Zucker, 1977). Still, the proposed relationship of recruitment being influenced by what value an organization places on firm-specific knowledge holds true, as the inherent knowledge of the internal employees has been transformed from a competitive advantage into a competitive disadvantage. A DILEMMA OF TWO EVILS When deciding on form of control system, the organization will not only communicate and influence its recruitment decision assumptions in terms of internal and external recruitment, it will also influence what conflict it will be affected by when trying to achieve its goals. Inconsistency in one’s theories-in-use leading to no attaining one’s goals or incongruence in what one is doing and what one is saying one is doing, leading to not keeping one’s worldpicture constant. With a high degree of socialization, an organization will tend to have congruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions, promoting a positive self-image. The organization will, however, tend to suffer from the conflict of an internally inconsistent theoryin-use in the form of recruitment decision assumptions, as internal candidates will not be the best ones in all situations, although having the advantage of internalized knowledge of corporate values. This conflict may be lessened by prioritizing internal recruitment, which would also Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G4 avoid incongruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions. Just such a case has indeed been promoted by previous research (Chan, 1996), in claiming that external candidates will be recruited only when they are very superior to internal ones, in that employee well-being needs to be promoted for the organization to be able to continue its existence. If instead recruiting the best candidate is prioritized, the organization will instead suffer from the same conflict as organizations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems. In promoting the best candidate, external recruitment will be more possible as well as probable and the existing employees’ may perceive the incongruence of an internal recruitment policy and external recruitment. As for an organization with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems, the recruitment decision assumptions are internally consistent. However, it will face a conflict of incongruent recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions, as the recruitment decision assumptions promotes the recruitment of the best candidate, regardless of organization membership. Although those responsible may not believe in the espoused theory, the incongruence may nevertheless be noticed by employees, who may feel deceived and mistreated in receiving less promotion opportunities. This may lead to consequences such as a lack of motivation for staying with the organization and, in time, a high employee turnover. Furthermore, this conflict would probably not be resolved by the organization boldly admitting to not recognizing organization membership as a variable in recruitment decisions, as this would hardly result in persons wanting to enter into the organization in the first place. In such cases when corporations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems recruit internally, no incongruence will arise. However, it is unlikely that internal candidates will always be the best ones and, therefore, one of the wo conflicts will tend to arise. The conflicts of inconsistency in recruitment decision assumptions and incongruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions may be perceived as the organization breaching the implicit contract of them providing employees with future economic safety, while the employees have fulfilled their part of it by providing the organization with ability (Morrison and Robinson, 1997; Cassell, Juris and Roomkin, 1985). As organizations commonly only succeed in inspiring conditional trust in their employees, any discrepancy in behavior may lead to a distrustful environment (Jones and George, 1998), which is hardly conducive for employee well-being, nor for productivity. Although such mistrust is bad in itself, the situation may worsen if perception of breach of contract evolves into a perception of violation of contract (Morrison and Robinson, 1997), as breach of contract focuses on the cognitive aspect, whereas violation affects the employee emotionally. Whether a breach of contract will evolve into a violation in the perceptions of the employees depends on the perceived magnitude of the discrepancy, how it affects the employee, whether the discrepancy is perceived as purposeful or not, if the procedure leading to the discrepancy is perceived to have been fair and the employee’s overall social relationship with the organization. Thus, in the case of discrepancies caused by the recruitment process, the evaluation will, first, be worsened by employees having a relational contract, i. . it is broad, open-ended and long-term, based not only on monetary elements but also socio-emotional ones such as loyalty and support (Rousseau and McLean Parks, 1993). Second, individual situations will determine perceptions of magnitude and fairness, but perceptions of discrepancies will generally worsen, due to the purposeful breach in deciding on recruiting an external candidate. Counterintuitively, employees will tend to experience less violation if discrepancies in contract are more common than not, which is, however, consistent with unexpected negative events leading to more intense emotional responses than expected ones (Ortony, Clore and Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G5 Collins, 1988). Therefore, we would expect external recruitment to elicit more severe conflict in organizations with a high degree of socialization than in the case of bureaucratic control systems. As this breach will occur in relation to recruitment decision assumptions and organizational norms, this will probably also increase perceptions of breach of contract. However, as such recruitment will tend not to occur on an extensive basis, the impact on present managers will not be great, unless in the case of filling top management positions with external candidates, thus, extensively lessening internal managers’ possibility of advancement. In the case of organizations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems, the discrepancies will be more common and relate to not following the recruitment policy, which will probably lessen the impact of such breaches. Nevertheless, such extensive external recruitment will reduce internal managers’ possibilities of advancement. Although this may not lead to recurring perceptions of violation of contract, it may instead infer a state of organizational cynicism (Dean, Brandes and Dharwadkar, 1998) among employees. Such cynicism would then infer a belief that the organization lacks integrity, a negative affect towards the organization and tendencies to disparaging and critical behavior towards it. Such perceptions seem unlikely to improve individuals wanting to join the organization, nor will they tend to improve motivation. Ultimately, evaluation of organization behavior will depend on employees’ beliefs about whether they have been treated honestly and respectfully as well as having received adequate justification for the contract breach (Bies and Shapiro, 1987). Perhaps this is the cause of organizations sometimes specifying their policies by saying that although they are, of course, intended to bring about internal promotion, this has to be re-evaluted in specific cases, such as when recruiting experts or managers. Figure 1 Argyris and Schon’s framework contrasting espoused theory and theory-in-use. Espoused Theory Internal Consistency Congruence Effectiveness Values Internal Consistency Theory-in-use Action Behavioural World Testability REFERENCES AVAILABLE FROM AUTHOR Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G6